type=pearson
). The fitted values at level i are obtained
by adding together the population fitted values (based only on the
fixed effects estimates) and the estimated contributions of the random
effects to the fitted values at grouping levels less or equal to
i.
residuals(object, level, type, asList)
lme
, representing
a fitted linear mixed-effects model.
object
. Level
values increase from outermost to innermost grouping, with
level zero corresponding to the population residuals. Defaults to
the highest or innermost level of grouping.
"response"
, the "raw" residuals
(observed - fitted) are used; else, if
"pearson"
, the
standardized residuals (raw residuals divided by the corresponding
standard errors) are used; else, if
"normalized"
, the
normalized residuals (standardized residuals pre-multiplied by the
inverse square-root factor of the estimated error correlation
matrix) are used. Partial matching of arguments is used, so only the
first character needs to be provided. Defaults to
"response"
.
TRUE
and a single
value is given in
level
, the returned object is a list with
the residuals split by groups; else the returned value is
either a vector or a data frame, according to the length of
level
. Defaults to
FALSE
.
level
, the
returned value is either a list with the residuals split by groups
(
asList = TRUE
) or a vector with the residuals
(
asList = FALSE
); else, when multiple grouping levels are
specified in
level
, the returned object is a data frame with
columns given by the residuals at different levels and the grouping
factors.
Bates, D.M. and Pinheiro, J.C. (1998) "Computational methods for multilevel models" available in PostScript or PDF formats at http://nlme.stat.wisc.edu
fm1 <- lme(distance ~ age + Sex, data = Orthodont, random = ~ 1) residuals(fm1, level = 0:1)